Game plan
Madison Keys v Caroline Dolehide
Every number combines what Madison Keys does well with what Caroline Dolehide allows, each measured against the tour average and shrunk toward it when the sample is thin. Flip perspective
Forecast
Each player's serve and return strength is fitted against every opponent they were charted against, so a record built on weak opponents counts for less. At least one of them is no longer active or has too little charted in the last three seasons, so both are compared on their careers. The result is then nudged by Madison Keys's record against Caroline Dolehide's tactical lookalikes and in their charted head-to-heads (lookalikes: −0.6 on serve, +2.6 on return vs expectation (462 points)). A game-by-game Markov chain turns point odds into match odds; the 90% range covers the uncertainty in the two strengths, not the nudges. Charted matches lean toward big events, so treat this as a scouting estimate, not a betting line.
Head to head, per 100 shots
| Career | Madison | Caroline |
|---|---|---|
| Direction choice | +0.06 ±0.06 better than 67% | −0.27 ±0.08 better than 10% |
| Shot selection | +0.34 ±0.10 better than 83% | −0.67 ±0.37 better than 7% |
| Execution | −0.69 ±0.38 better than 28% | −0.35 ±0.61 better than 40% |
| Points left on the table | 2.58 ±0.09 lower than 54% | 3.14 ±0.17 lower than 6% |
Each player's career against an average tour player in the same position, adjusted for opponent strength, with a 90% margin (shots clustered by match). Points left on the table is the gap to the best-value direction for the same stroke, so lower is better. Percentiles are within each player's own tour. A side is highlighted only when the gap is larger than the margin on the difference.
Serve plan
The share of points the server wins when a first serve lands in that direction (hover a rate for its 90% interval; ± is the 90% margin). "Matchup" combines the server's rate with how this returner handles that serve. "Optimal" is the mix that wins most against this returner once they start reading a habit, at the response measured across the tour, and only within the range servers' habits actually vary. The gain over the current mix is how exploitable that mix is.
Madison Keys serving
Deuce court
| 1st serve | Now | Madison wins | v Caroline | Matchup | Optimal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wide | 50% | 69% | 67% | 70.1%±6.5 | 51% ▲ |
| Body | 14% | 54% | 61% | 58.0%±9.7 | 0% ▼ |
| T | 37% | 78% | 63% | 74.9%±6.5 | 49% ▲ |
Optimal v Caroline Dolehide: +0.9±0.9 per 100 first serves (faults included) over the current mix. Serving T every time would read +4.6 per 100 first serves in before the returner adjusts.
Ad court
| 1st serve | Now | Madison wins | v Caroline | Matchup | Optimal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wide | 41% | 65% | 65% | 65.0%±7.4 | 37% ▼ |
| Body | 11% | 54% | 60% | 58.1%±10.3 | 0% ▼ |
| T | 48% | 71% | 70% | 75.5%±6.6 | 63% ▲ |
Optimal v Caroline Dolehide: +1.1±0.9 per 100 first serves (faults included) over the current mix. Serving T every time would read +6.2 per 100 first serves in before the returner adjusts.
Caroline Dolehide serving
Deuce court
| 1st serve | Now | Caroline wins | v Madison | Matchup | Optimal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wide | 52% | 68% | 70% | 71.8%±6.0 | 67% ▲ |
| Body | 22% | 66% | 57% | 65.7%±8.2 | 7% ▼ |
| T | 26% | 65% | 67% | 63.6%±8.2 | 26% |
Optimal v Madison Keys: +0.5±1.0 per 100 first serves (faults included) over the current mix, inside the 90% margin. Serving wide every time would read +3.5 per 100 first serves in before the returner adjusts.
Ad court
| 1st serve | Now | Caroline wins | v Madison | Matchup | Optimal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wide | 49% | 65% | 64% | 63.7%±6.3 | 51% ▲ |
| Body | 25% | 63% | 56% | 62.5%±8.7 | 10% ▼ |
| T | 26% | 66% | 65% | 67.3%±8.7 | 39% ▲ |
Optimal v Madison Keys: +0.5±1.0 per 100 first serves (faults included) over the current mix, inside the 90% margin. Serving T every time would read +2.9 per 100 first serves in before the returner adjusts.
Return plan
Value of each return, in points per 100 returns against an average return of the same serve (direction, court, surface): the tour's result with that return, the returner's own edge with it, and what this server gives up when it comes back to that side. Returns with no charted direction are left out, so values compare with each other rather than with zero. Depth isn't a choice here: missed returns have no depth. Serve quality isn't charted, so a block through the middle partly reflects the serve that forced it.
Madison Keys returning
1st serve to the forehand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Caroline | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FH through the middle | 44% | +4.2 | −6.1 | −5.1 | −7.0±2.5 |
| FH crosscourt | 28% | +5.3 | −2.5 | −4.9 | −2.0±3.8 |
| FH down the line | 11% | +1.5 | −4.7 | −3.0 | −6.2±4.6 |
| FH slice through the middle | 11% | −6.7 | −1.1 | −1.1 | −8.9±2.4 |
| FH slice crosscourt | 3% | −6.6 | −0.4 | −0.7 | −7.7±2.4 |
Lean FH crosscourt: +3.8±3.0 per 100 returns v the current mix (845 returns charted)
1st serve to the backhand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Caroline | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH through the middle | 52% | +6.0 | −1.6 | −0.4 | +4.0±2.2 |
| BH crosscourt | 20% | +7.7 | +1.1 | −0.9 | +7.9±3.1 |
| BH down the line | 17% | +2.2 | −1.7 | −0.4 | +0.1±4.1 |
| BH slice through the middle | 5% | −6.2 | −1.8 | −0.9 | −8.8±2.3 |
| BH slice down the line | 3% | −12.5 | −2.0 | ±0.0 | −14.5±2.5 |
Lean BH crosscourt: +5.2±2.8 per 100 returns v the current mix (1240 returns charted)
2nd serve to the forehand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Caroline | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FH through the middle | 38% | −3.2 | +2.5 | −2.1 | −2.8±3.1 |
| FH crosscourt | 30% | +0.5 | +1.4 | +3.1 | +5.0±4.4 |
| FH down the line | 21% | −0.6 | −4.4 | −1.0 | −6.0±5.0 |
| FH slice through the middle | 6% | −15.2 | +1.4 | ±0.0 | −13.8±1.5 |
| FH slice crosscourt | 4% | −14.9 | +0.5 | ±0.0 | −14.4±1.5 |
Lean FH crosscourt: +7.3±3.5 per 100 returns v the current mix (217 returns charted)
2nd serve to the backhand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Caroline | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH through the middle | 40% | −2.6 | −0.7 | −3.0 | −6.3±2.5 |
| BH crosscourt | 29% | +1.5 | +0.8 | −2.2 | +0.1±3.4 |
| BH down the line | 21% | −0.5 | +1.7 | −0.4 | +0.9±4.3 |
| FH inside-out | 4% | +1.4 | +2.7 | −1.0 | +3.0±4.0 |
| FH through the middle | 4% | −2.7 | +0.1 | −2.1 | −4.7±2.6 |
Lean FH inside-out: +5.2±4.2 per 100 returns v the current mix (569 returns charted)
Caroline Dolehide returning
1st serve to the forehand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Madison | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FH through the middle | 42% | +4.2 | −2.8 | −0.4 | +0.9±2.5 |
| FH crosscourt | 20% | +5.3 | −1.2 | −1.5 | +2.7±3.9 |
| FH slice through the middle | 16% | −6.7 | +0.7 | +0.8 | −5.2±2.4 |
| FH down the line | 15% | +1.5 | −4.2 | ±0.0 | −2.7±4.2 |
| FH slice crosscourt | 4% | −6.6 | +0.1 | +0.2 | −6.3±2.4 |
Lean FH crosscourt: +3.5±3.3 per 100 returns v the current mix (187 returns charted)
1st serve to the backhand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Madison | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH through the middle | 40% | +6.0 | +1.3 | −0.5 | +6.8±2.4 |
| BH slice through the middle | 18% | −6.2 | ±0.0 | −2.0 | −8.2±2.5 |
| BH crosscourt | 14% | +7.7 | +0.2 | +1.1 | +9.1±3.0 |
| BH slice crosscourt | 12% | −4.2 | +0.3 | −0.6 | −4.5±2.9 |
| BH down the line | 10% | +2.2 | −1.6 | −0.8 | −0.2±4.2 |
Lean BH crosscourt: +8.0±2.9 per 100 returns v the current mix (177 returns charted)
2nd serve to the forehand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Madison | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FH through the middle | 43% | −3.2 | +0.6 | +0.8 | −1.8±2.6 |
| FH down the line | 34% | −0.6 | −1.3 | −2.5 | −4.4±4.5 |
| FH crosscourt | 23% | +0.5 | ±0.0 | −0.3 | +0.3±3.5 |
Lean FH through the middle: +0.4±2.3 per 100 returns v the current mix (47 returns charted, inside the 90% margin)
2nd serve to the backhand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Madison | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH through the middle | 51% | −2.6 | +0.5 | −0.2 | −2.3±2.4 |
| BH crosscourt | 25% | +1.5 | −1.1 | −0.4 | ±0.0±2.9 |
| FH through the middle | 10% | −2.7 | +0.1 | +0.8 | −1.7±2.0 |
| BH down the line | 8% | −0.5 | −1.4 | −2.9 | −4.8±4.2 |
| FH inside-out | 6% | +1.4 | −1.5 | −2.5 | −2.7±3.2 |
Lean BH crosscourt: +1.9±2.5 per 100 returns v the current mix (88 returns charted, inside the 90% margin)
Rally plan
Edge, in points per 100 shots: the hitter's skill with the shot (own) plus how much the receiver usually gives up against it (theirs), both measured against the tour average on hard. Each player's hard record is shrunk toward their all-surface one, so a thin sample on it moves the numbers only a little.
Madison Keys
Favour
| Shot | Edge | Own | Theirs |
|---|---|---|---|
| FH to their forehand · return +1 | +0.9±4.6 | +2.6 | −1.7 |
| BH to their backhand · return +1 | +0.5±4.4 | −0.9 | +1.4 |
| FH to the middle · return +1 | −0.3±3.4 | −0.5 | +0.2 |
| BH to their backhand · return | −1.7±3.4 | −0.2 | −1.5 |
| FH to the middle · serve +1 | −1.8±3.2 | −2.2 | +0.4 |
| FH to their backhand · serve +1 | −1.8±4.5 | +2.0 | −3.8 |
Avoid
| Shot | Edge | Own | Theirs |
|---|---|---|---|
| FH to the middle · return | −11.5±2.8 | −5.2 | −6.3 |
| FH to their backhand · return | −10.7±5.5 | −5.3 | −5.4 |
| BH to their backhand · rally | −7.7±3.4 | −0.9 | −6.8 |
| BH to their forehand · serve +1 | −6.9±6.1 | −3.5 | −3.4 |
| FH to the middle · rally | −5.0±2.6 | −2.5 | −2.5 |
Caroline Dolehide
Favour
| Shot | Edge | Own | Theirs |
|---|---|---|---|
| FH to their forehand · serve +1 | +1.7±4.3 | +2.8 | −1.1 |
| BH to their backhand · return | +0.6±4.0 | +0.4 | +0.2 |
| BH to the middle · return | +0.1±2.4 | +0.8 | −0.8 |
| FH to their forehand · return +1 | −0.2±4.7 | +1.6 | −1.8 |
| BH slice to their backhand · rally | −0.5±4.1 | +3.1 | −3.6 |
| BH slice to the middle · rally | −0.5±3.1 | +1.5 | −2.1 |
Avoid
| Shot | Edge | Own | Theirs |
|---|---|---|---|
| FH to their backhand · return | −10.2±5.4 | −7.5 | −2.7 |
| FH to their backhand · rally | −7.4±4.3 | −4.9 | −2.5 |
| FH to the middle · return +1 | −7.3±3.4 | −4.5 | −2.8 |
| BH to their backhand · rally | −4.8±4.1 | −2.6 | −2.3 |
| FH to the middle · serve +1 | −4.1±2.9 | −2.3 | −1.9 |
Against Caroline Dolehide-like opponents
| Madison Keys v | Matches | Serve pts won | Return pts won |
|---|---|---|---|
| All charted opponents | – | 60.8% | 42.4% |
| Players most similar to Caroline Dolehide | 3 | 60.2% | 46.3% |
Similar by tactical fingerprint: Xin Yu Wang, Tamara Zidansek, Bianca Andreescu, Jasmine Paolini, Emma Raducanu, Peyton Stearns, Nao Hibino, Lucia Bronzetti, Daria Saville, Rebecca Peterson. When two players have rarely met, their records against these lookalikes fill the gap.