Game plan
Rafael Nadal v Michael Chang
Every number combines what Rafael Nadal does well with what Michael Chang allows, each measured against the tour average and shrunk toward it when the sample is thin. Flip perspective
Forecast
Each player's serve and return strength is fitted against every opponent they were charted against, so a record built on weak opponents counts for less. At least one of them is no longer active or has too little charted in the last three seasons, so both are compared on their careers. The result is then nudged by Rafael Nadal's record against Michael Chang's tactical lookalikes and in their charted head-to-heads (lookalikes: −0.5 on serve, −0.2 on return vs expectation (5896 points)). A game-by-game Markov chain turns point odds into match odds; the 90% range covers the uncertainty in the two strengths, not the nudges. Charted matches lean toward big events, so treat this as a scouting estimate, not a betting line.
Head to head, per 100 shots
| Career | Rafael | Michael |
|---|---|---|
| Direction choice | +0.02 ±0.03 better than 62% | −0.01 ±0.13 better than 54% |
| Shot selection | +0.38 ±0.05 better than 85% | −0.02 ±0.19 better than 49% |
| Execution | +1.32 ±0.10 better than 99% | +1.06 ±0.36 better than 96% |
| Points left on the table | 2.66 ±0.04 lower than 43% | 2.88 ±0.27 lower than 26% |
Each player's career against an average tour player in the same position, adjusted for opponent strength, with a 90% margin (shots clustered by match). Points left on the table is the gap to the best-value direction for the same stroke, so lower is better. Percentiles are within each player's own tour. A side is highlighted only when the gap is larger than the margin on the difference.
Serve plan
The share of points the server wins when a first serve lands in that direction (hover a rate for its 90% interval; ± is the 90% margin). "Matchup" combines the server's rate with how this returner handles that serve. "Optimal" is the mix that wins most against this returner once they start reading a habit, at the response measured across the tour, and only within the range servers' habits actually vary. The gain over the current mix is how exploitable that mix is.
Rafael Nadal serving
Deuce court
| 1st serve | Now | Rafael wins | v Michael | Matchup | Optimal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wide | 31% | 75% | 75% | 76.7%±3.1 | 44% ▲ |
| Body | 18% | 64% | 59% | 60.4%±6.2 | 5% ▼ |
| T | 51% | 69% | 79% | 73.9%±3.9 | 51% |
Optimal v Michael Chang: +1.1±0.6 per 100 first serves (faults included) over the current mix. Serving wide every time would read +4.4 per 100 first serves in before the returner adjusts.
Ad court
| 1st serve | Now | Rafael wins | v Michael | Matchup | Optimal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wide | 54% | 71% | 67% | 65.9%±3.5 | 41% ▼ |
| Body | 18% | 67% | 62% | 66.3%±6.4 | 18% |
| T | 28% | 75% | 74% | 77.0%±3.6 | 41% ▲ |
Optimal v Michael Chang: +0.4±0.5 per 100 first serves (faults included) over the current mix, inside the 90% margin. Serving T every time would read +7.9 per 100 first serves in before the returner adjusts.
Michael Chang serving
Deuce court
| 1st serve | Now | Michael wins | v Rafael | Matchup | Optimal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wide | 41% | 65% | 66% | 57.5%±3.8 | 37% ▼ |
| Body | 8% | 56% | 58% | 50.7%±7.4 | 0% ▼ |
| T | 50% | 69% | 74% | 67.9%±3.6 | 63% ▲ |
Optimal v Rafael Nadal: +0.4±0.5 per 100 first serves (faults included) over the current mix, inside the 90% margin. Serving T every time would read +5.8 per 100 first serves in before the returner adjusts.
Ad court
| 1st serve | Now | Michael wins | v Rafael | Matchup | Optimal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wide | 48% | 65% | 71% | 64.0%±3.6 | 61% ▲ |
| Body | 7% | 59% | 57% | 52.6%±8.0 | 0% ▼ |
| T | 44% | 63% | 66% | 56.9%±4.1 | 39% ▼ |
Optimal v Rafael Nadal: +0.4±0.5 per 100 first serves (faults included) over the current mix, inside the 90% margin. Serving wide every time would read +4.0 per 100 first serves in before the returner adjusts.
Return plan
Value of each return, in points per 100 returns against an average return of the same serve (direction, court, surface): the tour's result with that return, the returner's own edge with it, and what this server gives up when it comes back to that side. Returns with no charted direction are left out, so values compare with each other rather than with zero. Depth isn't a choice here: missed returns have no depth. Serve quality isn't charted, so a block through the middle partly reflects the serve that forced it.
Rafael Nadal returning
1st serve to the forehand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Michael | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FH through the middle | 46% | +4.3 | +0.4 | +1.2 | +5.9±1.5 |
| FH crosscourt | 31% | +5.5 | +2.4 | +2.7 | +10.6±2.6 |
| FH down the line | 16% | +1.7 | −0.8 | +4.4 | +5.3±2.9 |
| FH slice through the middle | 3% | −4.2 | +0.1 | +2.7 | −1.4±2.1 |
| FH slice crosscourt | 2% | −4.3 | +7.5 | +0.9 | +4.1±2.5 |
Lean FH crosscourt: +3.7±2.0 per 100 returns v the current mix (5711 returns charted)
1st serve to the backhand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Michael | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH through the middle | 38% | +6.4 | −0.2 | −0.1 | +6.1±1.7 |
| BH crosscourt | 19% | +8.8 | −1.2 | +2.0 | +9.6±2.7 |
| BH slice through the middle | 17% | −4.2 | +2.1 | +5.0 | +2.8±1.5 |
| BH down the line | 15% | +4.2 | +3.3 | +2.4 | +9.9±2.9 |
| BH slice down the line | 7% | −8.4 | +5.7 | +5.7 | +3.0±2.3 |
| FH inside-in | 0% | +8.0 | +2.3 | +2.7 | +13.1±3.6 |
Lean FH inside-in: +6.7±3.7 per 100 returns v the current mix (9039 returns charted)
2nd serve to the forehand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Michael | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FH crosscourt | 48% | −0.2 | +0.7 | +2.4 | +2.8±2.6 |
| FH through the middle | 33% | −3.5 | −2.6 | +2.5 | −3.6±1.9 |
| FH down the line | 17% | −1.8 | +3.8 | +1.6 | +3.7±3.3 |
| BH inside-out | 1% | +0.9 | +0.3 | +0.4 | +1.6±3.6 |
| FH slice through the middle | 1% | −12.7 | −0.2 | +1.7 | −11.1±1.8 |
Lean FH down the line: +3.0±3.1 per 100 returns v the current mix (2037 returns charted, inside the 90% margin)
2nd serve to the backhand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Michael | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH through the middle | 35% | −2.9 | +2.0 | +2.2 | +1.2±1.7 |
| BH crosscourt | 28% | +1.0 | −1.0 | +0.4 | +0.4±2.5 |
| BH down the line | 17% | −0.2 | +1.8 | +0.4 | +2.0±3.3 |
| FH through the middle | 9% | −2.9 | +1.2 | +2.5 | +0.9±1.6 |
| FH inside-in | 8% | +0.6 | +1.5 | +2.4 | +4.5±2.9 |
Lean FH inside-in: +3.1±2.9 per 100 returns v the current mix (5854 returns charted)
Michael Chang returning
1st serve to the forehand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Rafael | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FH through the middle | 53% | +4.3 | +1.7 | −0.9 | +5.1±1.5 |
| FH down the line | 29% | +1.7 | +2.6 | +0.1 | +4.4±2.9 |
| FH crosscourt | 17% | +5.5 | −2.6 | +1.7 | +4.6±3.1 |
| BH through the middle | 1% | +6.6 | +0.4 | +0.7 | +7.6±1.4 |
Lean FH through the middle: +0.3±1.2 per 100 returns v the current mix (676 returns charted, inside the 90% margin)
1st serve to the backhand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Rafael | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH through the middle | 44% | +6.4 | −2.4 | +0.7 | +4.7±1.5 |
| BH crosscourt | 32% | +8.8 | +5.1 | +4.3 | +18.2±2.1 |
| BH down the line | 12% | +4.2 | +4.0 | −1.0 | +7.2±3.3 |
| BH slice through the middle | 6% | −4.2 | −0.9 | +1.9 | −3.2±1.9 |
| BH slice crosscourt | 4% | +0.5 | +2.1 | +3.6 | +6.2±2.5 |
Lean BH crosscourt: +9.6±1.6 per 100 returns v the current mix (718 returns charted)
2nd serve to the forehand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Rafael | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FH through the middle | 47% | −3.5 | +1.7 | −0.4 | −2.3±1.9 |
| FH down the line | 26% | −1.8 | +0.9 | +0.4 | −0.5±3.7 |
| FH crosscourt | 26% | −0.2 | +1.4 | −0.7 | +0.5±3.3 |
| BH inside-in | 2% | +2.5 | −0.4 | −0.2 | +1.9±1.8 |
Lean FH crosscourt: +1.5±2.8 per 100 returns v the current mix (286 returns charted, inside the 90% margin)
2nd serve to the backhand
| Return | Now | Tour | Own | v Rafael | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH crosscourt | 50% | +1.0 | +1.5 | −0.2 | +2.3±2.0 |
| BH through the middle | 35% | −2.9 | +1.0 | +0.1 | −1.8±1.6 |
| BH down the line | 12% | −0.2 | +3.9 | −1.3 | +2.3±3.9 |
| FH through the middle | 2% | −2.9 | −1.0 | −0.4 | −4.3±1.4 |
| FH inside-out | 1% | +1.0 | +0.4 | +0.4 | +1.7±2.2 |
Lean BH down the line: +1.6±3.6 per 100 returns v the current mix (486 returns charted, inside the 90% margin)
Rally plan
Edge, in points per 100 shots: the hitter's skill with the shot (own) plus how much the receiver usually gives up against it (theirs), both measured against the tour average on grass. Each player's grass record is shrunk toward their all-surface one, so a thin sample on it moves the numbers only a little.
Rafael Nadal
Favour
| Shot | Edge | Own | Theirs |
|---|---|---|---|
| BH volley to their forehand · rally | +18.2±6.4 | +16.7 | +1.5 |
| FH volley to their backhand · serve +1 | +8.4±6.1 | +5.5 | +2.9 |
| BH slice to their forehand · rally | +8.3±3.2 | +5.3 | +3.0 |
| FH to their backhand · return | +7.1±4.2 | +1.5 | +5.6 |
| FH to their backhand · return +1 | +6.3±4.4 | +3.7 | +2.6 |
| BH slice to the middle · return | +6.2±2.5 | +3.0 | +3.2 |
Avoid
| Shot | Edge | Own | Theirs |
|---|---|---|---|
| FH volley to their forehand · rally | −0.2±6.7 | −1.0 | +0.8 |
| BH volley to their backhand · serve +1 | −0.1±6.7 | −3.3 | +3.2 |
| BH slice to their backhand · serve +1 | +0.1±3.4 | −0.2 | +0.4 |
| BH to their forehand · rally | +0.7±2.4 | +1.0 | −0.3 |
| BH volley to their backhand · rally | +0.8±6.9 | +0.3 | +0.5 |
Michael Chang
Favour
| Shot | Edge | Own | Theirs |
|---|---|---|---|
| BH to their forehand · return | +9.0±4.8 | +6.6 | +2.4 |
| BH to their backhand · return | +6.5±3.7 | +3.9 | +2.7 |
| FH volley to their backhand · rally | +6.3±6.2 | −0.3 | +6.6 |
| BH volley to their forehand · rally | +5.8±7.1 | −4.7 | +10.5 |
| FH to their backhand · return | +4.3±4.3 | +4.4 | −0.1 |
| BH lob to the middle · rally | +3.7±3.4 | +2.5 | +1.1 |
Avoid
| Shot | Edge | Own | Theirs |
|---|---|---|---|
| FH volley to their forehand · rally | −11.3±6.0 | −2.1 | −9.2 |
| Smash to their forehand · rally | −10.3±4.8 | −2.5 | −7.7 |
| FH to their forehand · serve +1 | −3.8±3.9 | −1.9 | −1.9 |
| FH to their forehand · return | −3.6±4.9 | −1.2 | −2.5 |
| BH slice to their backhand · rally | −3.1±2.2 | −0.3 | −2.8 |
Against Michael Chang-like opponents
| Rafael Nadal v | Matches | Serve pts won | Return pts won |
|---|---|---|---|
| All charted opponents | – | 66.0% | 40.1% |
| Players most similar to Michael Chang | 34 | 64.5% | 39.3% |
Similar by tactical fingerprint: Andy Murray, Marcos Baghdatis, Lleyton Hewitt, Andy Roddick, David Nalbandian, Marat Safin, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Arnaud Clement, Magnus Norman, Aaron Krickstein. When two players have rarely met, their records against these lookalikes fill the gap.